The episcopal see was the three-aisled Basilica A, the Church of St Demetrius of Thessaloniki, and similar to the Church of the Acheiropoietos in Thessaloniki. [65] According to Ahudemmeh's biographer this basilica and its martyrium, in the upper Tigris valley, was supposed to be a copy of the Basilica of St Sergius at Sergiopolis (Resafa), in the middle Euphrates, so that the Arabs would not have to travel so far on pilgrimage. Voyager comme Ulysse. [3] In the Republic two types of basilica were built across Italy in the mid-2nd to early 1st centuries BC: either they were nearly square as at Fanum Fortunae, designed by Vitruvius, and Cosa, with a 3:4 width-length ratio; or else they were more rectangular, as Pompeii's basilica, whose ratio is 3:7. Outside the defensive wall was Basilica D, a 7th-century cemetery church. They now tended to dominate their cities from opulent palaces and country villas, set a little apart from traditional centers of public life. [24] A Christian structure which included the prototype of the triumphal arch at the east end of later Constantinian basilicas. [51], The largest and oldest basilica churches in Egypt were at Pbow, a coenobitic monastery established by Pachomius the Great in 330. It continues to be used in an architectural sense to describe rectangular buildings with a central nave and aisles, and usually a raised platform at the opposite end from the door. [24] This basilica, begun in 313, was the first imperial Christian basilica. [citation needed], In the late Republican era, basilicas were increasingly monumental; Julius Caesar replaced the Basilica Sempronia with his own Basilica Julia, dedicated in 46 BC, while the Basilica Aemilia was rebuilt around 54 BC in so spectacular a fashion that Pliny the Elder wrote that it was among the most beautiful buildings in the world (it was simultaneously renamed the Basilica Paulli). [7] Modern tradition instead associates the incident with an open-air inscribed bema in the forum itself. [33] The nave would be kept clear for liturgical processions by the clergy, with the laity in the galleries and aisles to either side. Sie kann reiner Repräsentationsbau gewesen sein, aber auch merkantilen und administrativen Aufgaben, insbesondere der Rechtsprechung, gedient haben, wie dies für andere Basiliken des republikanischen Rom nachzuweisen ist. Papst war, wurde Antonio Maria Traversi nach Rom gerufen, wo er 1833 Kanoniker der päpstlichen Basilika Santa Maria Maggiore und Päpstlicher Hausprälat wurde. [12] Later, in 79 AD, an inscription commemorated the completion of the 385 by 120 foot (117 m × 37 m) basilica at Verulamium (St Albans) under the governor Gnaeus Julius Agricola; by contrast the first basilica at Londinium was only 148 by 75 feet (45 m × 23 m). Basilica: The central nave extends to one or two storeys more than the lateral aisles, and it has upper windows. Aisleless church with wallside pilasters, a barrel-vault and upper windows above lateral chapels. Good early examples of the architectural basilica include the Church of the Nativity at Bethlehem (6th century), the church of St Elias at Thessalonica (5th century), and the two great basilicas at Ravenna. La Basilique - Droit canonique, pastorale et politique, de l'Antiquité au XXIe siècle (Cerf-Patrimoine) | Ouattara, Michel | ISBN: 9782204138901 | Kostenloser Versand für … [31] One of the remaining marble interior columns was removed in 1613 by Pope Paul V and set up as an honorific column outside Santa Maria Maggiore. [27][29] Likewise at Maroni Petrera on Cyprus, the amphorae unearthed by archaeologists in the 5th century basilica church had been imported from North Africa, Egypt, Palestine, and the Aegean basin, as well as from neighbouring Asia Minor. [73], Type of building in classical and church architecture, This article is about a form of building. There were several variations of the basic plan of the secular basilica, always some kind of rectangular hall, but the one usually followed for churches had a central nave with one aisle at each side and an apse at one end opposite to the main door at the other end. Elle peut accueillir 60 000 personnes et comprend 27 chapelles richement décorées. En présence des attentats sacrilèges commis à Rome contre les droits de l’Eglise et du Saint Siège, et contre la personne sacrée du vicaire de Jésus Christ. [9], According to the Liber Pontificalis, Constantine was also responsible for the rich interior decoration of the Lateran Baptistery constructed under Pope Sylvester I (r. 314–335), sited about 50 metres (160 ft). Outre les 4 basiliques majeures, Rome compte plus d'une soixantaine de basiliques mineures, plus que n'importe quelle autre ville au monde (la ville qui en compte le plus après Rome, Buenos Aires en Argentine, n'en compte que 15). [3], The largest basilica built outside Rome was that built under the Antonine dynasty on the Byrsa hill in Carthage. Contrairement aux basiliques médiévales et modernes, les basiliques antiques n'ont pas de fonctions religieuses. Originally, a basilica was an ancient Roman public building, where courts were held, as well as serving other official and public functions. [3][31] The vertices of the cross-vaults, the largest Roman examples, were 35 m.[31] The vault was supported on marble monolithic columns 14.5 m tall. It’s easy and only takes a few seconds. Clustered columns emphasised the "crossing" of the two axes. [12] Unlike in Gaul, basilica-forum complexes in Roman Britain did not usually include a temple; instead a shrine was usually inside the basilica itself. [24] Similarly, the name and association resounded with the Christian claims of the royalty of Christ – according to the Acts of the Apostles the earliest Christians had gathered at the royal Stoa of Solomon in Jerusalem to assert Jesus's royal heritage. An American church built imitating the architecture of an Early Christian basilica, St. Mary's (German) Church in Pennsylvania, was demolished in 1997. [3], The 4th century Basilica of Maxentius, begun by Maxentius between 306 and 312 and according to Aurelius Victor's De Caesaribus completed by Constantine I, was an innovation. [28] An old theory by Ejnar Dyggve that these were the architectural intermediary between the Christian martyrium and the classical heröon is no longer credited. [24] In basilicas constructed for Christian uses, the interior was often decorated with frescoes, but these buildings' wooden-roof often decayed and failed to preserve the fragile frescoes within. The Latin word basilica derives from Ancient Greek: βασιλική στοά, romanized: basilikè stoá, lit. La Basilique Saint Pierre de Rome. Justinian I constructed at Ephesus a large basilica church, the Basilica of St John, above the supposed tomb of John the Apostle. [24], In the late 4th century the dispute between Nicene and Arian Christianity came to head at Mediolanum (Milan), where Ambrose was bishop. Watch Queue Queue [citation needed], After its destruction in 60 AD, Londinium (London) was endowed with its first forum and basilica under the Flavian dynasty. J.-C. ne porte pas de nom et est simplement baptisé basilica par les auteurs antiques[2],[a 2]. 'royal stoa'. Or Sign up/login to Reverso account Kollaboratives Wörterbuch Französisch-Englisch. [66] The name of the modern site Qasr Serīj is derived from the basilica's dedication to St Sergius. [51] Typically, these crypts were accessed from the apse's interior, though not always, as at the 6th century Church of St John at the Hebdomon, where access was from outside the apse. Basilica church of the Monastery of Stoudios, Constantinple, 5th century, as depicted in the Menologion of Basil II, c. 1000. [23] Optimus was the city's delegate at the First Council of Constantinople in 381, so the 70 m-long single-apsed basilica near the city walls must have been constructed around that time. Plan de la basilique Ulpia sur la Forma Urbis. The result is a much darker interior. [54] Some ten Eastern churches in eastern Syria have been investigated by thorough archaeology. Ces édifices sont richement décorés grâce aux objets d’art pris sur les royaumes vaincus[8]. [25] The Lateran Baptistery was the first monumental free-standing baptistery, and in subsequent centuries Christian basilica churches were often endowed with such baptisteries. Cet espace couvert est à l'origine un lieu de rencontre destiné à protéger diverses activités des intempéries et placé en bordure de l'espace public, l'agora. Le mot continue de désigner des édifices religieux d'une importance particulière, sans pour autant remplir les fonctions d'une cathédrale, qui bénéficient de privilèges particuliers[13]. La basilique romaine suit habituellement un plan au sol rectangulaire dont au moins une extrémité est occupée par une abside servant de tribunal[5] ou abritant la statue de l'empereur romain[6]. Floor plan of the Justinianic Basilica of St John, Ephesus, after 535/6. [60] The Old Basilica had two phases of geometric pavements, the second phase of which credited the bishop Eustathios as patron of the renovations. Er trat 1835 in den Dienst der Kurie und war Konsultor der Kongregation für Ablässe und die heiligen Reliquien , der Kongregation für außerordentliche kirchliche Angelegenheiten sowie des Heiligen Offiziums . The first great Imperially sponsored Christian basilica is that of St John Lateran, which was given to the Bishop of Rome by Constantine right before or around the Edict of Milan in 313 and was consecrated in the year 324. [26] Thus was lost an important part of the early history of Christian art, which would have sought to communicate early Christian ideas to the mainly illiterate Late Antique society. La Basilique Saint Pierre de Rome, est située au Vatican, dans l'Ouest de la ville. [19] The basilica stood in a new forum and was accompanied by a programme of Severan works at Leptis including thermae, a new harbour, and a public fountain. In late antiquity, church buildings were typically constructed either as martyria, or with a basilica's architectural plan. [3], Beginning with the Forum of Caesar (Latin: forum Iulium) at the end of the Roman Republic, the centre of Rome was embellished with a series of imperial fora typified by a large open space surrounded by a peristyle, honorific statues of the imperial family (gens), and a basilica, often accompanied by other facilities like a temple, market halls and public libraries. [clarify][citation needed] Although their form was variable, basilicas often contained interior colonnades that divided the space, giving aisles or arcaded spaces on one or both sides, with an apse at one end (or less often at each end), where the magistrates sat, often on a slightly raised dais. Putting an altar instead of the throne, as was done at Trier, made a church. In the Catholic Church, a basilica is a large and important church building. Opposite the northern apse on the southern wall, another monumental entrance was added and elaborated with a portico of porphyry columns. In the later 4th century, other Christian basilicas were built in Rome: Santa Sabina, and St Paul's Outside the Walls (4th century), and later St Clement (6th century). Après une brève visite à l'Appartement Pontifical, le Saint-Père a rencontré le Clergé de Rome réuni dans la Basilique … [24] The site was already venerated as the martyrium of three early Christian burials beforehand, and part of the insula had been decorated in the style favoured by Christian communities frequenting the early Catacombs of Rome. [3] To improve the quality of the Roman concrete used in the Basilica Ulpia, volcanic scoria from the Bay of Naples and Mount Vesuvius were imported which, though heavier, was stronger than the pumice available closer to Rome. [13] Londinium's basilica, more than 500 feet (150 m) long, was the largest north of the Alps and a similar length to the modern St Paul's Cathedral. Seated in the tribune of his basilica, the great man would meet his dependent clientes early every morning. [48] At some point during the Christianisation of the Roman world, Christian crosses were cut into the faces of the colossal statues of Augustus and Livia that stood in the basilica-stoa of Ephesus; the crosses were perhaps intended to exorcise demons in a process akin to baptism. Chef d'oeuvre de la Renaissance et du Baroque, elle représente le renouveau de la Ville Eternelle. na de Basilique de Notre-Dame de la Paix in Yamoussokro in Ivoorkust, St Pieters in Rome, St Paul's in London en Santa Maria Dei Fiori in Florence. [3] On the exterior, Constantine's palatine basilica was plain and utilitarian, but inside was very grandly decorated. [54] Separate entrances for men and women were installed in the southern or northern wall; within, the east end of the nave was reserved for men, while women and children were stood behind. Corona Update : 23 October 2020. Constantine's basilica at Trier, the Aula Palatina (AD 306), is still standing. Finally visit the Basilica of St John Lateran, cathedral of the Bishop of Rome. [48][49] Ephesus was the centre of the Roman province of Asia, and was the site of the city's famed Temple of Artemis, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. [23] Traditional monumental civic amenities like gymnasia, palaestrae, and thermae were also falling into disuse, and became favoured sites for the construction of new churches, including basilicas. [24] The basilica was the first church of San Clemente al Laterano. [2], At the start of the 4th century at Rome there was a change in burial and funerary practice, moving away from earlier preferences for inhumation in cemeteries – popular from the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD – to the newer practice of burial in catacombs and inhumation inside Christian basilicas themselves. Hagia Sophia, Serdica (Sofia), built 4th–8th centuries. In Romania, the word for church both as a building and as an institution is biserică, derived from the term basilica. A newer episcopal basilica was built by the bishop Philip atop the remains of the earlier structure, and two further basilicas were within the walls. On Crete, the Roman cities suffered from repeated earthquakes in the 4th century, but between c. 450 and c. 550, a large number of Christian basilicas were constructed. From the early 4th century, Christian basilicas, along with their associated catacombs, were used for burial of the dead. In secular building this plan was more typically used for the smaller audience halls of the emperors, governors, and the very rich than for the great public basilicas functioning as law courts and other public purposes. [65] More likely, with the support of Khosrow I for its construction and defence against the Nestorians who were Miaphysites' rivals, the basilica was part of an attempt to control the frontier tribes and limit their contact with the Roman territory of Justinian, who had agreed in the 562 Fifty-Year Peace Treaty to pay 30,000 nomismata annually to Khosrow in return for a demilitarization of the frontier after the latest phase of the Roman–Persian Wars. Chaque ville romaine développée possède une basilique, souvent située à proximité immédiate du forum. EMBED. [59], Stobi, (Ancient Greek: Στόβοι, romanized: Stóboi) the capital from the late 4th century of the province of Macedonia II Salutaris, had numerous basilicas and six palaces in late antiquity. Architectural formulas for temples were unsuitable due to their pagan associations, and because pagan cult ceremonies and sacrifices occurred outdoors under the open sky in the sight of the gods, with the temple, housing the cult figures and the treasury, as a backdrop. [7] It was possibly inside the basilica that Paul the Apostle, according to the Acts of the Apostles (Acts 18:12–17) was investigated and found innocent by the Suffect Consul Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus, the brother of Seneca the Younger, after charges were brought against him by members of the local Jewish diaspora. Old St Peter's, Rome, as the 4th-century basilica had developed by the mid-15th century, in a 19th-century reconstruction, St John in the Lateran is both an architectural and an ecclesiastical basilica, Romanesque basilica of nowadays Lutheran Bursfelde Abbey in Germany, Chester Cathedral in England, a Gothic style basilica, St. Sebald's in Nuremberg has a basilical nave and a hall choir. The building does not need to be a basilica in the architectural sense. Basilicas of this type were built in western Europe, Greece, Syria, Egypt, and Palestine, that is, at any early centre of Christianity. [31] The foundations are as much as 8 m deep. (collection de l'école française de rome 283). [3] Thereafter until the 4th century AD, monumental basilicas were routinely constructed at Rome by both private citizens and the emperors. [35], The original titular churches of Rome were those which had been private residences and which were donated to be converted to places of Christian worship. [54] The Council of 410 stipulated that on Sunday the archdeacon would read the Gospels from the bema. [23], At Constantinople the earliest basilica churches, like the 5th century basilica at the Monastery of Stoudios, were mostly equipped with a small cruciform crypt (Ancient Greek: κρυπτή, romanized: kryptḗ, lit. Thus, a Christian symbolic theme was applied quite naturally to a form borrowed from civil semi-public precedents. [12] The smallest known basilica in Britain was built by the Silures at Caerwent and measured 180 by 100 feet (55 m × 30 m). Interior of the ruined "Basilica of Bahira", Bosra. [36] At Easter in 386 the Arian party, preferred by the Theodosian dynasty, sought to wrest the use of the basilica from the Nicene partisan Ambrose. [65] Qasr Serīj's construction may have been part of the policy of toleration that Khosrow and his successors had for Miaphysitism – a contrast with Justinian's persecution of heterodoxy within the Roman empire. [26] Christian basilicas and martyria attributable to the 4th century are rare on the Greek mainland and on the Cyclades, while the Christian basilicas of Egypt, Cyprus, Syria, Transjordan, Hispania, and Gaul are nearly all of later date. sainte-marie-majeure. [14] Remains of the great basilica and its arches were discovered during the construction of Leadenhall Market in the 1880s. [15][3] It was an especially grand example whose particular symmetrical arrangement with an apse at both ends was repeated in the provinces as a characteristic form. [31] Another, shallower apse with niches for statues was added to the centre of the north wall in a second campaign of building, while the western apse housed a colossal acrolithic statue of the emperor Constantine enthroned. [3], These basilicas were rectangular, typically with central nave and aisles, usually with a slightly raised platform and an apse at each of the two ends, adorned with a statue perhaps of the emperor, while the entrances were from the long sides. In most basilicas, the central nave is taller than the aisles, forming a row of windows called a clerestory. The basilica was centrally located in every Roman town, usually adjacent to the forum and often opposite a temple in imperial-era forums. [6] Basilicas were the administrative and commercial centres of major Roman settlements: the "quintessential architectural expression of Roman administration". [53], The Church of the East's Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon was convened by the Sasanian Emperor Yazdegerd I at his capital at Ctesiphon; according to Synodicon Orientale, the emperor ordered that the former churches in the Sasanian Empire to be restored and rebuilt, that such clerics and ascetics as had been imprisoned were to be released, and their Nestorian Christian communities allowed to circulate freely and practice openly. The basilica was in the Latin West equivalent to a stoa in the Greek East. Le mot « basilique », dérivant du latin basilica, est formé à partir de deux éléments grecs, basileus qui signifie « roi » et le suffixe d’adjectif féminin -ikê. Les basiliques chrétiennes de Rome Item Preview remove-circle Share or Embed This Item. Preface par Émile Mâle. [6] At Volubilis, principal city of Mauretania Tingitana, a basilica modelled on Leptis Magna's was completed during the short reign of Macrinus. [35] (Constantine had disbanded the Praetorian guard after his defeat of their emperor Maxentius and replaced them with another bodyguard, the Scholae Palatinae. La nef centrale (spatium medium[a 1]), plus large et occupant presque toute la longueur du plan rectangulaire, est flanquée de nefs latérales (une de chaque côté pour les basiliques à trois nefs, deux pour les basiliques à cinq nefs) plus étroites mais tout aussi longues[7]. [64], The Miaphysite convert from the Church of the East, Ahudemmeh constructed a new basilica c.565 dedicated to Saint Sergius at ʿAin Qenoye (or ʿAin Qena according to Bar Hebraeus) after being ordained bishop of Beth Arbaye by Jacob Baradaeus and while proselytizing among the Bedouin of Arbayistan in the Sasanian Empire.